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Alloy pipes are a type of seamless steel pipe that offer significantly higher performance compared to standard seamless steel pipes. This is due to their higher chromium content, which gives them superior high-temperature resistance, low-temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance. These properties make alloy pipes far more durable and reliable than regular seamless steel pipes, leading to their widespread use in industries such as petroleum, aerospace, chemical processing, power generation, boiler systems, and even military applications.
When it comes to calculating the weight of an alloy pipe, you can use the following formula:
**(Outer Diameter – Wall Thickness) × Wall Thickness × 0.02483 = Weight per meter**
Common materials used for alloy tubes include: 16-50Mn, 27SiMn, 20-40Cr, 12-42CrMo, 16Mn, 12Cr1MoV, T91, 27SiMn, 30CrMo, 15CrMo, 20G, Cr9Mo, 10CrMo910, 15Mo3, 15CrMoV, 35CrMoV, and 45CrMo. These materials are chosen based on the specific requirements of the application, such as strength, temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Alloy tubes come in various classifications, one of which includes palladium alloy tubes, commonly used for hydrogen purification. The principle behind this process involves passing impure hydrogen through a palladium tube at temperatures between 300°C and 500°C. At this temperature, hydrogen molecules are adsorbed onto the surface of the palladium tube. Due to the unique electronic structure of palladium, which lacks two electrons in its 4d orbital, it can form unstable but reversible chemical bonds with hydrogen. This allows hydrogen to be ionized into protons that can pass through the palladium lattice. Once on the other side, these protons recombine with electrons to form pure hydrogen gas, which exits the tube. However, any undissociated gas remains trapped, ensuring only pure hydrogen passes through.
Despite its excellent hydrogen permeability, pure palladium has poor mechanical properties and is prone to oxidation at high temperatures. It also has a low recrystallization temperature, making it susceptible to deformation and embrittlement. To overcome these limitations, palladium is often alloyed with elements from Group IB and Group VIII, such as silver, to improve its strength and stability. In high-quality carbon and alloy structural steel hot-rolled seamless pipes used for shells and shafts, silver typically makes up 20–30% of the composition, while other elements like gold are present in smaller amounts (less than 5%).
The hydrogen permeation rate through palladium alloys depends on several factors, including temperature, membrane thickness, and the pressure difference across the membrane. Increasing temperature or pressure and reducing membrane thickness generally improves permeation, but higher temperatures can also reduce the tensile strength of the material. Therefore, the operating temperature of palladium tubes is usually kept around 450°C. Certain impurities, such as mercury, arsenic, halides, oil vapor, sulfur compounds, ammonia, and dust, can cause "palladium poisoning," which reduces permeability and may damage the membrane. Palladium alloys can be manufactured into tubes or membranes depending on the intended use.
In addition to industrial applications, alloy pipes are also used in construction and automotive sectors. For example, ABS alloy pipes combined with special cold-melt adhesives are widely used in building water supply systems and central air conditioning. PC/ABS alloys are also popular for manufacturing car exterior parts like wheel covers, mirror housings, and taillight covers due to their good formability and ability to produce large components such as fenders.
As an essential part of steel products, alloy pipes are divided into two main categories: seamless steel pipes, made from round billets, and welded steel pipes, produced from plates or strips. Each type has its own advantages and is selected based on the specific needs of the application.