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Bearing systems, much like people, are subject to stress. Choosing the right bearing means ensuring it can handle the load without getting "stressed out." In other words, it's essential that the bearing's load capacity matches the actual forces it will endure during operation.
When a bearing is subjected to a load that exceeds its capacity, it can lead to premature wear, fatigue, or even permanent deformation. This not only shortens the bearing’s lifespan but can also result in costly downtime and repairs. To avoid this, it's important to understand the different types of stress bearings experience—static and dynamic.
Static stress occurs when a bearing is either stationary or moving very slowly, even if the load itself is variable. In such cases, the bearing may experience plastic deformation on its rolling surfaces or even flatten the rolling elements, which can lead to catastrophic failure over time.
Dynamic stress, on the other hand, happens when a bearing is rotating under a load—whether constant or variable. If the load is too high, it can cause fatigue in the bearing material, leading to cracks and flaking at weak points. This type of damage ultimately leads to failure due to material fatigue.
There are several theories about what causes fatigue failure in bearings. The maximum shear stress theory suggests that the primary cause is the highest shear stress within the bearing. The distortion theory, meanwhile, claims that localized stress zones contribute more to fatigue than single-point stresses. The most widely accepted theory, however, is the alternating shear stress theory, which states that orthogonal stresses are the main factor behind material fatigue in rolling bearings.
In practice, the alternating shear stress theory is used to calculate the expected fatigue life of a bearing. This life, often referred to as the rating life, is defined as the number of revolutions or hours a bearing can operate before 10% of a group of identical bearings show signs of fatigue. As the load increases, the rating life typically decreases.
At Emerson Bearing, our team of experts specializes in helping you select the right bearings for your application. We understand the importance of managing stress in bearings to ensure long-lasting performance and reliability. Whether you need help with selection, maintenance, or troubleshooting, we’re here to assist. Visit our Catalog and Technical Toolbox pages today to learn more about how we can support your bearing needs. Let us help you keep your machinery running smoothly and efficiently.